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January 14, 2020

South Dakota Governor Signs Anti-BDS Executive Order

On January 14, South Dakota Gov. Kristi Noem (R) signed an executive order barring the state government from awarding contracts to those who boycott Israel.

The executive order calls Israel “a critical and invaluable ally of the United States and a faithful friend of the State of South Dakota.” It also defines boycotts of religion, ethnicity or national origin as discriminatory and notes that all state contractors already must sign a pledge committing to non-discriminatory policies.

“The State of South Dakota should act to secure its economic activities, and thereby the welfare of its citizens, by availing itself to the broadest market possible and renouncing restrictive trade practices based upon discrimination,” the executive order states.

All businesses with more than five employees applying for a contract of at least $100,000 have to certify they will not engage in any boycotts against Israel.

Jewish groups praised the executive order.

“Governor Noem has taken bold action to combat the insidious BDS movement that encourages punitive actions solely against Israel,” American Jewish Committee Chicago regional director Laurence Bolotin said in a statement. “BDS proponents do not advance peace at all. Peace only will be achieved in direct bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.”

StandWithUs co-founder and CEO Roz Rothstein similarly said in a statement, “When states stand up against anti-Israel bias and discrimination, it benefits the state’s economy, joint research projects with Israel in agriculture, science and environment, and says a firm ‘NO’ to the BDS movement, which encourages anti-Semitism and discourages a peaceful negotiated solution between Israel and its neighbors.”

South Dakota is the 28th state to adopt an anti-BDS law.

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Hunters Amazon

The Potential of Alternate Universes

When it comes to fiction, writers often wonder what if the world were different in some way. What if a young 1950s Jewish woman pursued standup comedy? (“The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.”) What if there’s a number of points assigned to all your earthly actions, which determines where you go after you die? (“The Good Place.”) 

In Amazon’s “The Man in the High Castle,” a “what if the Nazis won the war” series lives alongside HBO’s “Watchmen,” an examination of vigilantism and racism through a surrealistic, graphic novel/sci-fi lens. The upcoming Amazon series “Hunters” with Al Pacino, explores a group of Nazi hunters in 1970s America and the CW’s “Crisis on Infinite Earths,” is a superhero palooza that does indeed deal with a crisis on infinite earths. What is this convergence of multiverse narratives meant tell us?

In “The Man in the High Castle’s” alternate reality, the United States is divided into the Greater Nazi Reich on the East Coast and the Japanese Pacific States to the West, with a Rocky Mountains Neutral Zone — the only place that blacks and Jews can live relatively freely — in the middle.

Each of the four seasons has portrayed a more complicated, chilling and increasingly surreal portrait of this world, in which a series of underground films depicting alternate outcomes to global events are revealed to be from alternate timelines. 

The final season featured a surprising journey into the story of John Smith, a former American soldier who became the second most powerful Nazi in the East Reich. Had the Allies won, he would have lived a normal American life. Instead, he rose the ranks, creating and enforcing policies that promoted Nazi ideology.

In today’s climate of increasing anti-Semitism, watching Smith’s journey into institutionalized hate is even more disturbing.

We may think we know ourselves, but if we’re being honest, faced with fascism or global cataclysm, what decisions would we make?

“Watchmen” contains powerful images portraying conflict between groups of people wearing masks, invoking America’s past history of black oppression and the racially-charged conflicts that follow us today. The series asks questions about fascism, authority and power, how these powers are wielded, how history shapes who we are, and how flexible and situational morality can be. 

A recent episode revealed that one character had been physically displaced by the Holocaust as a child, and also is temporally displaced — simultaneously experiencing past, present and future. This ability/curse/superpower, brought on by trauma, metaphorically reflects the way some Jews view history as a past that is present in shaping the future.

“Hunters,” due out on Feb. 21, appears set to examine the moral space explored by the pre-crime unit in the 2002 feature film “Minority Report.” Through voiceovers by Pacino, the “Hunters” trailer suggests that people are executing those who have potential for evil. While the Torah says, “If one comes to kill you, kill him first,” this series appears to ask: “But what if that person has not yet tried to kill me, but possesses the family history or memorabilia that indicates they might be so inclined in the future?” Pacino asserts: “This is not murder, this is mitzvah.” (We shall see, Rav Pacino.)  

In envisioning other worlds, writers are asking us to consider the hypotheticals: How do we behave when human existence is at stake? Would alternate worlds solve this world’s problems or do they portray the worst versions of who we could have been if we’d made a slightly different choice at a critical juncture?

We don’t have infinite Earths. We only have this one. And as writers consider alternate universes, they challenge us to imagine the consequences of our actions as well as our own relative morality. We may think we know ourselves, but if we’re being honest, faced with fascism or global cataclysm, what decisions would we make? The answers — whatever they are — define our morality and shape our future, in this or any timeline.


Esther D. Kustanowitz is a Journal contributing writer and co-host of the Bagel Report podcast. 

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Holocaust Survivor and Philanthropist Hedy Orden, 93

Holocaust survivor Hedy Orden (Ordentlich), who with her husband operated an extensive chain of service stations on the West Coast, died on Jan. 14 at 93.

Hedy Orden (nee Adler) was born on April 13, 1926, in Reteag, Romania, the younger of two children in a prominent Jewish family. Her life was interrupted by World War II when she was sent to Auschwitz at age 18. Her parents and grandmother perished during the Holocaust.  

After the war, she met Ted Ordentlich, who proposed marriage after 30 minutes, family members said. The couple was married for 69 years, until Ted’s death in 2015. The couple immigrated to the United States in 1959 with their two young daughters.

In 1960, the couple opened their first service station and welcomed their third daughter. They expanded their business and eventually became the largest private independent owner and operator of service stations on the West Coast.

The couple supported many charitable organizations including Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, LA Opera, the Music Center, the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles, Sinai Temple, Jewish National Fund and AIPAC. She had a passion to support aging Holocaust survivors and provide Holocaust education in the U.S. and Israel. In memory of her late husband, she endowed Unistream, a program that fosters entrepreneurial skills for at-risk youth in Israel. She also derived great joy from the many Jewish marriages that resulted from the numerous singles who met their future spouses at the Ted and Hedy Orden Friday Night Live Program at Sinai Temple.

One of her proudest accomplishments was reuniting her extended family and bringing them to the United States, family members said. 

She is survived by daughters Martha (Barry), Judy (Tom), and Helen (Moshe);  grandchildren Daniel (Jessica), Bryan (Raquel), Jacqueline (Adam), Monica (Keith), Jamie (Daniel), Lauren, Michelle (Daniel), Jonathan, Elana (Noah), Elliot and Ariella; and great-grandchildren Jacob, Jack, Benjamin, Madison, Theodore,  Elizabeth, Asher, Charlotte, Juliette, Alexandra, Lucy and Theodore.  

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York University Reinstates Pro-Israel Group After Suspension

York University in Toronto announced on Jan. 13 that it has reinstated pro-Israel group Herut Canada after a monthlong suspension.

The university suspended the group as well as Students Against Israeli Apartheid (SAIA) in December after SAIA-led protests at a Nov. 20 Herut Canada event featuring Reservists on Duty. Video footage shows the protesters disrupting the event and banging on the doors where the event was being held. Footage also showed a fight breaking out, with at least one person injured.

Reservists on Duty, an Israeli nongovernmental organization of reserve soldiers, alleged SAIA members assaulted pro-Israel students; SAIA has denied being a part of the violence and said that the Jewish Defense League assaulted pro-Palestinian protesters.

York University Vice-Provost for Students Lucy Fromowitz and Vice-President Equity for People & Culture Sheila Cote-Meek said in a statement that the university decided to reinstate both student groups after they engaged in separate discussions with the university on Jan. 9.

“We are pleased to report that the discussions were productive and led to proposed agreements that were subsequently reviewed and agreed to by both student organizations and the University,” they said. “As a result, we will be restoring privileges to both student organizations.”

Lawfare Project Executive Director Brooke Goldstein, whose organization intervened on Herut Canada’s behalf, said in a statement, “The only thing Herut is guilty of is trying to have a meaningful discourse about Judaism and Zionism on a college campus plagued by Jew-hating fanatics. While we strongly disagree with the initial suspension, we are pleased that the University has taken the right action now by restoring Herut’s status on campus. Hopefully this action marks the beginning of increased scrutiny of campus anti-Semitism.”

UPDATE: Herut Canada Toronto Director Lauren Isaacs said in a Jan. 16 statement to the Journal, “Herut Canada is pleased that we have been reinstated and are able to run future events at York University. This, however, doesn’t change or excuse the climate of anti-Semitism at York University. We never should have been silenced in the first place. There was absolutely no reason why we were banned. There was no wrongdoing, and we were never even given so much as a single reason as to why we were banned. We have just as much right to speak and celebrate our country as anyone else does. We will not accept being discriminated against simply because we are Jews and Zionists.”

She added: “Thanks to the tireless efforts of our legal team, we are able to run events again. And we plan to run some very soon!”

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Gal Gadot Is The New Face Of Smartwater

(JTA) — Gal Gadot is the new pitchwoman for Smartwater.

She replaces Jennifer Aniston, who held the job for 12 years.

The Israeli model and actress will appear in video clips set to run on social media and be featured prominently in other media, including the Times Square sign in New York City, Variety reported last week. She also will appear in the brand’s first-ever television commercial.

“You will see her in a lot of different places,” Celina Li, vice president of water for Coca-Cola North America, told Variety. “And in the real world as well.”

Gadot announced the new alliance in a post on Instagram, which included a photo showing her about to sip from a Smartwater bottle.

Gadot “embodies what our consumer is looking for, and what Smartwater stands for. She takes a smart approach to well-being, physical, mental, across different moments of her life,” Li said.

Gadot has been a global brand ambassador for Revlon since 2018.

The sequel to Gadot’s blockbuster film “Wonder Woman” is set to open later this year.

https://www.instagram.com/p/B7EWU-ihlge/

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‘Jeopardy!’ Question About West Bank City Should Never Have Aired, Producers Say

(JTA) — The producers of “Jeopardy!” said a question about where Jesus’ birthplace is located – eliciting the answers Palestine and Israel – should never have been aired.

After realizing that “determining an acceptable response would be problematic,” the popular primetime game show canceled the question and substituted a new one. But the corrected version was not aired.

Here’s what happened: At the end of the first round on Friday night, one answer remained in the $200 slot under the heading “Where’s that Church?”

The clue: “Built in the 300s A.D., the Church of the Nativity.”

Returning champion Katie Needle of New York City buzzed in with the question “What is Palestine?” Host Alex Trebek said she was incorrect.

Jack McGuire of San Antonio, Texas, who was third at the time among the three contestants, then buzzed in with “What is Israel?” earning the $200.

The producers said Monday night in a statement that while taping the Church of the Nativity clue, “we became aware that the clue was flawed as written and that determining an acceptable response would be problematic. In accordance with our rules and in the interest of fairness, we voided the clue and threw it out,” substituting a replacement clue. It did not affect the outcome of the game, they said.

“Unfortunately, through human error in post-production, the uncorrected version of the game was broadcast. We regret the error and we will make every effort to ensure this never happens again,” the statement said.

Following the airing of the original question, social media went into overdrive, with many insisting Needle was right and others doubling down on Israel as the correct answer.

The replacement clue was “The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe,” which McGuire answered correctly with “What is Mexico?”

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The Orthodox Union Study Program By and For Women

On Jan. 5, Jews around the world began a new Daf Yomi cycle, studying a page of the Talmud every day for the next 7 1/2 years. In the Orthodox community, participating in Daf Yomi was traditionally designed for men. Nowadays, women are seeking ways to participate. 

To help facilitate this, the Orthodox Union (OU) Women’s Initiative has created a two-year study cycle called Torat Imecha (Torah of the Mothers) under its Nach Yomi learning initiative. 

The cycle, which began on Jan. 9, features daily podcasts and videos on the books of Nevi’im (Prophets) and Kethuvim (Writings) and covers a chapter per day. In total, there are 742 chapters, and the classes can be found on the OU website. 

“This is an opportunity for us as a community to learn together our holiest texts, to be spiritually engaged in a meaningful way, [and] to be introduced to each book through a unique presentation and voice,” said OU Women’s Initiative Founding Director Rebbetzin Adina Shmidman. “It’s an opportunity for personal and intellectual growth. It is about creating an international community of Nach Yomi learning.”

Rabbanit Shani Taragin, an international scholar based in Israel, delivers an introductory video for each book, which will then be discussed by 25 teachers from the United States and Israel. 

“This series presents a world-class roster of female scholars … bringing nuance and erudition to the participants in these exciting new shiurim (lessons),” Orthodox Union Executive Vice President Allen Fagin told the Journal.

While the Nach Yomi program was established in 2007, Shmidman said this time around students can learn about people’s relationships with God; kingship; learning how to grow as a person; and transitions the Jewish nation has gone through. The books studied include Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Amos. 

“We are presenting a plethora of voices, each one with a unique take on the book they’re teaching,” Shmidman said. 

One of the teachers, Michal Horowitz, is based in Woodmere, N.Y., and instructs students on Long Island and in New York City at synagogues and Jewish organizations. She will be talking about Joshua, when the Jewish people were first entering the land of Israel following Moses’ death. 

“This is an opportunity for us as a community to learn together our holiest texts, to be spiritually engaged in a meaningful way.” — Rebbetzin Adina Shmidman

“I feel very strongly that it’s important to always be advancing in our learning,” Horowitz told the Journal. “At any age, there is always more to learn, and delving into the wisdom of the Nevi’im and Kethuvim is a wonderful journey to embark on in our quest for authentic Torah knowledge.”

Horowitz’s approach to her classes is to take the text, strive to understand it and then make its messages relevant to modern life. Only if we view the Torah as relatable to Jews in each and every generation can we be excited about learning and practicing Judaism, she said. 

This, in turn, will ensure that we can successfully transmit the truism of the authentic mesorah (tradition) and Torah to the next generation, she added.“Hence, my goal in teaching and presenting is to find a ‘take-home lesson’ from the text that resonates strongly with us as Jews today.”

Women also can learn Torah messaging by participating in the other learning opportunities the OU Women’s Initiative offers, including virtual monthly Rosh Chodesh lunch-and-learn classes; a scholar-in-residence program in the period between Passover and Shavuot; a Simchat Torah learning program at synagogues; and Alit, a summer learning program for recent college graduates. 

Though the Women’s Initiative focuses on women’s learning, Shmidman emphasized that the classes are open to anybody. 

“Each person should be engaged in Torah study,” she said. “This is an opportunity to be spiritually inspired by excellent women scholars and be part of a growing and engaged community across the globe.”

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‘The Report’ Is the Closest Thing We Have to Seeing the Truth About Torture

We have desensitized ourselves to the actual meaning of the word “torture” with phrases like “this class is torture.” But the word can be defined as “the action or practice of inflicting severe pain on someone as a punishment or to force them to do or say something, or for the pleasure of the person inflicting the pain.”

And now torture is the subject of a major motion picture from Amazon, available for streaming. “The Report” stars Adam Driver as Dan Jones, the Senate Intelligence Committee staffer who led the investigation into the CIA’s torture program.

Although the film is new, torture has existed throughout history and continues today.

The systematic use of torture in criminal procedures dates back to the earliest civilizations. Scenes depicting torture and corporal punishment are on ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian monuments. The first records of using torture to extract confessions from people are in the Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi.

Three thousand years ago, societies used violent and horrific actions to force confessions out of human beings wanting to put an end to their torture. Although this tactic has proven to be ineffective in gaining the truth, it has not stopped the modern world, including the U.S. government, from continuing this horrific and immoral practice known as torture.

After the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, in the face of the terror and fear, the U.S. government, through the hands of the military and CIA, authorized a brutal and utterly inhumane program of torture against enemy combatants, particularly at Guantanamo Bay and in CIA black sites around the world. “The Report” tells the story of how the Senate Intelligence Committee took on the CIA and uncovered the truth about its failed torture program.

The film is named after and brings to life the 6,000 page “Torture Report.” Sen. Dianne Feinstein (played by Annette Benning), who chaired the Senate Intelligence Committee at the time, releases a 500-page summary of it at the end of “The Report.” The full 6,000-page “Torture Report” still is classified.

“This is not some Hollywood gangbuster movie; this is the closest thing we have to seeing the truth.”

The Senate Intelligence Committee investigation was prompted by revelations CIA’s Director of the National Clandestine Service, Jose Rodriguez, and his top deputy, Gina Haspel, ordered the destruction of videotapes the CIA recorded of its torture sessions. The order to destroy the tapes went against specific instructions from the George W. Bush White House, violated a federal court order and was opposed by members of Congress.

It has been said that to inflict torture on another human being, one needs to see that human being as not “a person.” By making the subject an object, not a living, breathing, sentient being, it becomes possible to think the pain and suffering one is inflicting is not wrong — because that person is not a person. 

This flies directly in the face of my faith, and all faiths, which sees human beings not as objects but as souls created in the image of God — all deserving of compassion and dignity. This is not to say people who commit acts of terror shouldn’t be arrested, tried and imprisoned if found guilty; that is the justice system on which our country is based.

However, the following is what happened to more than 100 detainees in the black sites around the world, outside the light of justice, in the cover of darkness and secrecy:

The summary of “The Torture Report” described acts including waterboarding to the point of inducing convulsion and vomiting, as well as medically unnecessary rectal feedings. One detainee was waterboarded 183 times. Another detainee was chained, partly unclothed, to a concrete floor and left to die of hypothermia. Others were stripped, hooded, bound with Mylar tape and dragged through corridors while being slapped and punched. The CIA placed detainees in ice-water “baths” to induce hypothermia and threatened to sexually abuse or otherwise harm family members of detainees. The CIA also imprisoned a developmentally disabled family member of a detainee solely for the purpose of forcing the detainee to provide information, using his recorded crying in an attempt to do so.

It is sickening to me to even write these words, yet it is the most insignificant of feelings compared with what the people who received this torture experienced; and I believe the damage done to those who inflicted the torture — namely the agents, officers and soldiers — to their minds, souls and hearts is nearly as grave.

As the film brings these horrific stains on our nation’s history to the big screen, I sincerely hope the American people will see the full 6,000 page report, allowing us to read the truth of what went on in our name but without our knowledge. This is not some Hollywood gangbuster movie; this is the closest thing we have to seeing the truth. Let us hope we can get the real truth from the source. It is the least we can do a decade later, even as people continue to sit in prison without having been accused of a crime, tried or convicted. If not, are we any better than the ancient societies from 3,000 years ago?


Rabbi Joshua Levine Grater serves on the executive committee of the National Religious Campaign Against Torture and is a member of T’ruah: The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights.

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‘Curb Your Enthusiasm’ Returns: Producer Previews Season 10

After a two-year break, the Emmy and Golden Globe Award-winning comedy “Curb Your Enthusiasm” returns to HBO for its 10th season on Jan. 19. Per star and creator Larry David, no episodes were made available in advance. But according to writer, director and executive producer Jeff Schaffer, you can expect the usual plethora of awkward situations, misunderstandings and cringeworthy faux pas played for laughs as David’s perpetually annoyed alter ego navigates life in Los Angeles. 

“I can’t tell you much about the season or Larry would kill me,” Schaffer said. “But I’ll say that he has a brisk exchange of ideas with everyone from bathroom attendants to firemen to movie star Clive Owen.” 

One storyline involves a series of predicaments involving a new adversary that Schaffer won’t name. “Sometimes things happen to Larry that require a much more involved interaction, when there’s a mistreatment that just won’t stand,” Schaffer said. “With Larry, it’s eternal optimism coupled with eternal pessimism. He wants people to be good and wants things to work out the right way, and they so rarely do. But he keeps coming back for more, hoping that this time it’s going to be OK.”

In comparison to the previous season, which “had a very big story arc, with the fatwa and the musical, this season we wanted to get back to a more classic ‘Curb,’ ” Schaffer said. “But I can assure you that Larry has learned nothing. Like there are certain strains of bacteria that are resistant to medicine, Larry is resistant to learning. It’s a really funny season. We’re really happy with it.”

Alongside regulars Cheryl Hines, Jeff Garlin, Susie Essman, JB Smoove, Richard Lewis and Ted Danson, Richard Kind returns as Larry’s cousin Andy and Kaitlin Olson is back as Cheryl’s sister Becky. Guest stars Vince Vaughn, Jon Hamm, Isla Fisher, Abby Jacobson, Mila Kunis, Fred Armisen, Timothy Olyphant and Ed Begley Jr. are among those who “came to play with Larry,” Schaffer said.

He noted “Larry’s Judaism does come into play in a very specific way in the sixth episode of the season. I can’t tell you more without ruining it, but suffice it to say that if Larry weren’t Jewish, this would never have happened.” 

Schaffer has worked with David on and off for 25 years starting with “Seinfeld” and still marvels at his talent. “He’s a comedy genius,” Schaffer said. “One of the most amazing skills he has is that he’s able to act and write at the same time. He’s improvising but you can see him laughing not at what was said but at something he’s about to throw in there. He has an ability to simultaneously stand outside the scene and write it while acting in it, and steer the ship.”

Personality-wise, “Larry is a doll,” Schaffer said. “He’s kind, generous, sweet and sensitive. The difference is TV Larry is the neurotic Spider-Man to real life Larry’s Peter Parker.”

Schaffer also talked about his and writing partner Alec Berg’s first meeting with David and Jerry Seinfeld in 1994, and feeling the intimidating pressure of “two giants staring at you. We pitched the idea of George [Costanza] getting caught eating out of the trash. It was the first episode we wrote.” 

Schaffer, who “didn’t have the diligence” to follow his father and grandfather into medicine, received his comedy education writing for the Harvard Lampoon. In the early ’90s, he moved to Los Angeles, teamed up with Berg and secured gigs including writing for two Fox series that didn’t air, one starring Garlin. Another failure proved more fortuitous. Writing an episode of the quickly canceled sitcom “Great Scott!” led to an invitation from the producers, who had landed at “Seinfeld,” to submit ideas. 

“I can’t tell you much about the season or Larry [David] would kill me. But I’ll say that he has a brisk exchange of ideas with everyone from bathroom attendants to firemen to movie star Clive Owen.” — Jeff Schaffer

By the time David left after “Seinfeld’s” seventh season, Schaffer and Berg were running the show, which, Schaffer said, was daunting. “They built this nice car and we didn’t want to drive it into a lamppost,” he said. When “Seinfeld” signed off, Schaffer took “everything I learned [including] how to edit and sound mix” to “The League,” which he created with his wife, Jackie.

The two have other ideas in development, and Schaffer collaborated with his brother Greg on the forthcoming Netflix series “Brews Brothers,” about siblings who run a Van Nuys brewery. Schaffer also has “Dave,” a series about “a white, neurotic Jewish rapper from suburban Philadelphia,” premiering March 4 on FXX.

Originally from Warren, Ohio, and descended from German Jews on his mother’s side and Romanian Jews on his father’s, Schaffer grew up celebrating the major Jewish holidays but considers himself less religious than his parents. “I feel a very strong connection culturally. I grew up in a world where Judaism was important in terms of the culture, the morality and emphasis on education,” he said, noting that he raises his two young daughters with those principles.

Schaffer, who directed eight of the 10 “Curb” episodes this season, can’t yet confirm there will be an 11th season. “We’re talking about talking about it,” he said. “Larry puts all the ideas he likes into the show and at the end of the season he has none left. He doesn’t think he’ll have any more, so he says, ‘We’re done.’ But then he comes up with an idea and before we know it, we’ve got seven more. That’s how it happens.” 

As far as Schaffer is concerned, there is no shortage of ideas. “Since shooting on the 10th season ended, pages’ worth of stuff has happened that I want to tell,” he said. “Documenting the shortcomings of humanity is a pretty evergreen business.”  

“Curb Your Enthusiasm” premieres Jan. 19 on HBO.

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Authorities Say Jersey City Shooting Suspects Had a Bomb

The two suspects behind the Dec. 10 shooting at a kosher supermarket in Jersey City, N.J., had a bomb stored in their van during the crime, authorities said.

United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey Craig Carpenito and FBI Newark Special Agent in Charge Gregory Ehrie announced on Jan. 13 that they discovered the bomb in the suspects’ U-Haul van.

The suspects — David Anderson and Francine Graham — reportedly shot and killed Det. John Seals in Bay View Cemetery before driving to the kosher market. Carpenito and Ehrie believe that Seals had approached them because the van was wanted in connection to a separate homicide investigation.

Ehrie said that the bomb in the stolen van was powerful enough to maim people up to five football fields away. He added that the suspects had enough material in the van to build a second bomb.

Anderson and Graham allegedly had been planning the attack for months and cased the kosher market before the shooting, the officials said. Carpenito said that they believe the Seals slaying altered Anderson and Graham’s plans, perhaps preventing them from launching a more widespread attack although they don’t know if Anderson and Graham had any other specific targets in mind.

“This was nothing but a senseless, evil, cowardly act of anti-Semitism and hatred toward not just the Jewish community, but law enforcement,” Carpenito said.

Six people died in the Jersey City shooting, including the two suspects.

According to the Anti-Defamation League’s (ADL) Center on Extremism, Anderson had several anti-Semitic social media posts, including a July 2015 Facebook post under the name “Dawad Maccabee” calling Jews “Ashke-Nazis” and “Khazars.” The ADL describes “Khazars” as “a reference to an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that modern Jews are descendants of an Eastern European tribe from the eleventh century.”

The ADL also noted that they found other social media posts from Anderson in 2015 accusing Jews of taking money away from the black community and saying that Jews are part of the “Synagogue of Satan.”

Carpenito and Ehrie said that Anderson and Graham were followers of the Black Hebrew Israelites; the ADL said that some members of the Black Hebrew Israelites are “outspoken anti-Semites and racists.” However, officials have not been able to link Anderson and Graham to any specific organization and believe that the two suspects acted alone.

ADL CEO Jonathan Greenblatt tweeted, “We are grateful to law enforcement, especially Detective Joseph Seals, who gave his life preventing more carnage on the Jewish community & more.”

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