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November 7, 2013

The Food of Azerbaijan

I just returned from a week-long trip to Azerbaijan, a country on the Caspian Sea.   I was there for an international conference and to see the remarkable Jewish community that has thrived there for centuries– that's a whole other story, to come– but of course, a person has to eat.

There were 800 participants in the International Humanitarian Conference, and we were wined, dined and in all ways treated as honored guests of the president of this small, oil-rich nation.  And the Azeri food, which I knew nothing about before I arrived, turned out to be yet another pleasant surprise in a country full of them.

Azerbaijan, unlike, say the Emirates, has an ancient food tradition and culture developed along the Silk Route. There was cuisine and culture before there was enormous wealth.   The country sits just north of Iran, Armenia and Iraq,  and shares borders with Russia and Georgia to the north and Turkey to the west.  Its climate ranges  from desert to rolling farmland to high mountains.   That all makes for great ingredients, and a few thousand years of culture and trade to know what to do with them.

[Related: The mysteries of Azerbaijan]

One thing I didn't expect, given how far I'd travelled to get there, was how familiar many of the foods were.  If you've eaten on Westwood Blvd., you've sampled a lot of the dishes you'll find in Azerbaijan– the Perisan influence is that strong.  That said, the warm and hospitable Azeris always seemed to grow stone-faced when I would say that a certain dish was “just like Persian food.”    

“No,” a chef corrected me. “It's Azeri.”

Fair enough: lesson learned. If you want to insult a beautiful woman, tell her she remind you of some other beautiful woman.  If you want to insult an entire People, tell them their food reminds you of some other country's food.

The Azeri breakfast buffet at the Kampinski Hotel in Baku featured many locally made products.  Jams of mulberry and dogwood, fresh yogurt, sheep and goat cheese, and one of the highlights of my eating there: an entire frame of fresh local honeycomb, which guests could hack away at and add to their yogurt.  The waxy cells melted in my mouth, and the honey inside was fresh and floral.

The formal lunches and dinners at the conference featured starters of lamb-stuffed vegetables and grape leaves, which the waiters always drizzled with yogurt sauce, a platter of local cheese, then some kind of grilled meat, a very fragrant herbal meat stew,  and pilaf.   One day we drove high up to the Caucasus where we ate at the Zirve Hotel, a brand new ski resort.  Tuxedoes waiters served kuku, the herb frittata that begins most meals, along with local  farm-raised  trout.

The stews and soups had the herbal and sour flavors you find in Persian cuisine– but of course they weren't Persian, they were Azeri. 

One day at lunch I wandered into a restaurant in Old Baku called the Old Garden.  It just looked good.  Two women at the next table told me I was in luck: one  was a professor at Baku University and she said Old Garden was by far the best place for an authentic Azeri lunch. I let her order something light for me:  dushbara soup with small lamb-filled dumplings called pelmenyi, and two quttabs.  These are turnovers made from a thin, hand-rolled dough, stuffed with vegetables or meat and cooked on a griddle.   To finish, I had tea with candied watermelon.

Azerbaijan is a Shiite Muslim country, but with no state religion and separation of church and state.  The wine industry there, started by either Armenians or Jews, produces excellent dark red Shiraz.  The grape, known here as the syrah, is actually a native to Persia– or to Azerbaijan.

Yes, you can get a sense of Azeri food by eating Persian in Westwood, but for the real thing head to Baku.   Or head to Brooklyn and viist the Old Baku restaurant, which a diplomat told me was the best Azeri food in America. 

“The owner is a Jewish man from Azerbaijan,” he said.

Like a I said, a country full of pleasant surprises.

The Food of Azerbaijan Read More »

A Ladder to Climb: Interpreting Dreams.

Ten years ago, a few weeks after I diagnosed my uncle with multiple myeloma, I got up in the middle of the night for a diaper change on my two month old daughter.  As I walked out of the bedroom, I saw, I felt, seated on the large couch in the living room five people.  The room was dark and the moon’s glow danced on their presence through a thin satin curtain.  Seated from left to right were my uncle’s younger brother who died at the age of forty five, his dead mother- the family peacekeeper, his father who died on Yom Kippur in my mother’s arms exactly the way she had dreamt it some twelve years earlier, his father’s dead sister who shared the same house for more than forty years, and my aunt’s husband who had died recently.


I hesitated.  I was not scared.  My immediate reaction was “I wonder if they’re hungry?  They’ve come all this way to visit.  I should be a good host and put some dates and pistachios in front of them.”  In the twilight of wakefulness, my reality mimicked the moon’s dance.  I remembered angels don’t eat, and if they do as in Abraham’s tent they get punished.  I had enough on my hands, so I retired back to my room.


Still, a couple of weeks later, over Shabbat dinner, I told my uncle of the encounter.  He, a psychiatrist of more than thirty years and a devout student of the new age Kaballah, knew.  We both gazed in each other's eyes and hugged without a further discussion.  Two months later, on the second day of Rosh Hashanah, my uncle joined his parents, his brother, and the other visitors who had appeared before me.


At times, a silent dream speaks a thousand words more than all of reality.


This week, Jacob has a monumental dream.  There is a staircase, its bottom on the Earth, its top in the Heavens.  Angels of God ascend and descend.  Next to Jacob stands God, reassuringly.


We live in between the polarity of our struggles, never perfect.  Sometimes we rise; often we fall, at best we help others get up.  We admire van Gogh’s Irises.  We admire perfection. But we fall in love with fault.  We start our journey with a cry, only to be soothed by our mother, the very first step full of pain.  Life is lived not as a flower in a perfect vase in a painting in a museum, but as a rose covered with thorns amongst weeds tended by a loving keeper, all limited in time and space.  In the holiest moments of our services, we emulated angels climbing Jacob’s ladder, our soles together, reaching high, yet at the end, our feet back on the ground we walk one step in front of another, broken, grateful, faithful.  It is not possible for God’s light to enter or leave us without those cracks.  God wants our brokenness for He cannot bless us without our faults.  We admire those ascending, and judge those descending, while God loves both.


The most obvious, profound and least discussed aspect of the dream is that there is only one ladder!  We are all on various stages of ascending towards the Beloved and returning to Earth to fix her brokenness.   As the Shema reminds us there is only one God! We must not judge someone else’s position on that ladder for we all have purpose; we come from the same dust and return to the same God. 


The necessary ingredients for a proper connection are a deep burning desire, prayer, acts of kindness, humility.  The lines break without good intentions, the phone dropped without acts of loving kindness.  Prayer is not asking, but drawing closer to Oneness.  The ego must fall for the Light to get in.


We have all had the experience of buying a new car, suddenly noticing the same on the road.  Conversely, we have all looked desperately for our keys, hidden in plain view.  Our awareness of the universe tunes in and out like the knob on the radio searches for a frequency.  We see only what our minds are prepared to let in. 


To dream is to see the future now, prophets tell us repeatedly throughout the Bible. In God’s world, time does not exist.  Not for He Who Was, Has Been and Will Be.  Time is an illusion of man.


The very five senses which we need to walk, weigh us down and detract from the climb.  Solitude and meditation propel us.  Those crazy enough to jump out of an airplane have experienced the deep serenity and oneness associated with freefalling from some 12,500 feet.  The senses dropped, noise removed, vision shut down, the bird of paradise inside our caged physical body is freed to take flight high above spiritual oceans.  Prophecy happens in dreams when we are absent from our senses, present in the other world.  At night we ask God to return back our souls; in the morning we thank Him for the safe keeping, trusting us with His gift. 


A few years ago, my niece died at the unrealized age of 25.  She suffered much.  The night before she died, she appeared in my dreams.  She was dressed all in white, next to her a white suite case.  She had just washed her clothes, all satin white, and was folding them, preparing for her departure.  Such serenity filled her.  Such peace filled me.  She smiled and hugged me.  She thanked and left me.  In the morning I received the call that she had passed. 


Judaism forbids fortune telling.  I am not advocating an attempt to speak to the dead.  But I do know that while civilizations disappear, global weather changes erode mountains, and vast species go missing, the intangible remains more powerful than what seems real.  The ephemeral dream, the fleeting thought, the pounding prayer go on.  Faith endures.  Paradoxically, we put off the important in search of the magical, while God’s garden with all of her majesty eagerly awaits our steps. 


Someday, if you love me truly, deeply, and let me love you so in return, I will meet you on that ladder, for our paths shall cross again.


https://www.facebook.com/DrEmraniMysticHealing?ref=hl
 

A Ladder to Climb: Interpreting Dreams. Read More »

Kristallnacht witness joined allied forces against Germany

Fred Heim remembers walking on cloud nine the day he was sworn in to the United States Navy, a cold Chicago day in December 1944.

“Joining the Navy was the most important thing in my life,” Heim, 86, told the Journal. “The day that I was sworn in, I will never forget it.”

Born Friedemann Cheim in 1926 in Berlin, when he was sworn in, Cheim was only five years removed from what ended as a traumatic and horror-filled adolescence in a city and country drowning in anti-Semitism.

In the elegant Studio City apartment where he now lives with his second wife, Gail, Heim recounted his childhood in Nazi Germany and his service as a young adult in the U.S. Navy. This year, with the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht and Veterans Day occurring back to back, Heim is one of a handful of living Jews who experienced the “Night of Broken Glass” only to later join the Allied forces in opposing Germany.

He began by describing how unbearable it was to live under a Berlin gripped by hatred. “As you walk out of temple on the High Holy Days, you are looking up and down the street to see if there are going to be any Nazis who are going to do anything,” he said. 

Heim, his parents, Sol and Adda, and his sister, Suzanne, attended the famous Fasanenstrasse Synagogue in Berlin. Rabbi Leo Baeck was one of the leaders of the liberal synagogue.

Just before Kristallnacht, the Nov. 9-10, 1938, pogrom against German Jews that ignited the Holocaust, Sol received a tip that German authorities and mobs would particularly target adult Jewish males. He took the tip seriously and disappeared for six weeks before reuniting with his family.

On the morning of Nov. 10, as the 11-year-old Heim rode the elevated train to school, it made one of its normal stops just across the street from his family’s synagogue. He watched in horror as it burned. The interior of the pillaged synagogue is now one of the most famous photos of Kristallnacht.

“That has some profound effect on you,” Heim reflected, describing how he believes growing up as a hated citizen of his home country impacted him psychologically.

He and his immediate family escaped Germany one week before Germany invaded Poland, briefly stopping in the Netherlands before traveling by passenger ship to New York City.

“Going to America was everybody’s dream,” Heim said with a smile. 

Shortly thereafter, his family moved to Kansas City, where Heim said he had relatives, and also where he — thanks to his sparse knowledge of America at the time — “thought there were Indians.”

He quickly fell in love with America and was particularly shocked when people in a Kansas City movie theater hissed when President Franklin Roosevelt appeared on the newsreel.

“I got petrified,” Heim said, thinking what would have happened if people in Germany openly criticized Hitler. “I didn’t know what it was like living in a democracy. That was a moment I’ll never forget.”

After he finished high school, Heim studied briefly at the University of Chicago before deciding that he needed to fight. 

Heim enlisted in the Navy. After training in Chicago; Gulfport, Miss.; and Corpus Christi, Texas, Heim was sworn in as a radio technician. He was on a ship that patrolled the Caribbean Sea, which was infested with German submarines.

Although he wanted to fight on the front lines, the war ended before he got a chance, with Germany surrendering in April 1945 and Japan following suit in September. But Heim doesn’t shed any tears over not fighting in combat. “I think by that time I had become a typical Navy sailor — all I could think of was, ‘I want to get out,’ ” he joked.

After earning a master’s degree in business administration at Harvard, Heim journeyed westward in 1951, fueled in part by an image of California that he formed as a child watching American films in Berlin.

“I had an image in my mind of California,” Heim said. “I just wanted to come here, and I can’t tell you why.”

Heim quickly became a force in the business and political world. After working some low-level jobs for a military industrial company and a sales company, he became a successful player in the electronics and computer world, but soon left behind his entrepreneurial pursuits to enter politics. His first position was under then-City Councilman Tom Bradley.

After Bradley was elected mayor in 1973, he appointed Heim to the Los Angeles Board of Harbor Commissioners, where he helped operate one of the nation’s busiest ports.

“I was not universally loved, but we reorganized the harbor,” Heim said. “There was no funny business anymore.”

Heim’s 12 years at the harbor were not unlike his life — full of ups and downs. Now retired, Heim enjoys spending time with his wife and traveling; he has returned to Germany several times.

He sometimes ponders how growing up in Berlin impacted him — and still impacts him. “What happened to me, was, I can’t say I got used to it, but I actually sort of denied it until the last 10 years,” Heim said, pointing out that his wife, Gail, helped him recognize the repercussions of his youth and of Kristallnacht.

“I think you are not acknowledging the trauma of living for six years under Hitler,” she remembers telling her husband. Thanks, in part, to physical and verbal abuse he faced as a Jewish child in Berlin, Heim said he developed an extreme aversion to physical confrontations.

Gail Heim said that on Sept. 11, 2001, Fred told her that the fear from the terrorist attacks made him feel like he did on Kristallnacht. 

Nowadays, while Heim’s hatred for today’s Germany has waned, his love for the country that took him in has only grown.

 “I was beside myself with joy [when I came to New York,]” Heim said. “I still remember watching the Statue of Liberty and saying to myself, ‘Don’t you ever forget this moment.’ ”

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Bill Caplan — Golden boy of boxing publicity

When Dmitriy “Star of David” Salita takes on Gabriel Bracero in a welterweight match at the Aviator Sports and Events Center in Brooklyn on Nov. 9, Bill Caplan will be ringside. A boxing fan since his age was calculated in single digits, the 78-year-old San Fernando Valley resident will also be there because it’s his job.

 It was his job in 1962, when Caplan’s brother-in-law talked real estate developer Leo Minskoff into becoming a boxing promoter, then hornswoggled Minskoff into hiring Caplan as his PR guy, even though the kid didn’t know a press release from a prison release.

It was his job in 1974, when Caplan represented George Foreman for “The Rumble in the Jungle,” in Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, against Muhammad Ali. It was his job in 1982, when he pulled a media-loving stunt at a news conference publicizing a fight at L.A.’s Olympic Auditorium. It was his job in the 1990s and 2000s, while representing Oscar De La Hoya, and working for Top Rank, when Caplan smacked another flack upside the head after their respective fighters had fought a bout people had paid to watch.

In the loud, posturing, wacky world of professional boxing, Caplan, a 2002 World Boxing Hall of Fame inductee, offers a simple description of his job: “to get free space in the media.”

Sometimes that’s easy, and a good publicist will dine out for a long time on the action behind the action. For Caplan, that’s both a literal and figurative exercise. A world-class trencherman known for having lunch a lot and hosting lavish media dinners, Caplan says, “My astrological sign is delicatessen.” George Foreman, to whom he says he is “as close as two men can be without being gay,” dubbed him “Buffet Bill.”

How fortuitous that so many boxing matches are staged in Las Vegas. How fortuitous for the Orthodox, strictly glatt kosher Salita, who spoke about Caplan in both e-mail and telephone interviews. Early in his career, Salita would stay at the Caplan residence. His PR guy, he said, would “take me to a store to buy brand-new pots and pans, then to [a] kosher store to buy meat and whatever things I may need.”

On one such visit, Salita said, he was cooking chicken, and in walked Eric “Butterbean” Esch, the boxer/wrestler/all-purpose-pugilist then riding a wave of popularity. “I remember thinking … this is a once-in-a-lifetime experience and can only happen in Bill Caplan’s kitchen.”

Caplan was born in Des Moines, Iowa, where his family owned Caplan Bakery. Their bread was made from recipes his parents brought from Russia and baked in a brick oven heated by wood. They baked bagels only on Saturday, Caplan recalls, because the only people in town who ate them were the Jews.

Bill Caplan was 12 years younger than the next of his five siblings. The gap, he suggested, made him a mama’s boy, and at lunch (of course), he teared up at her memory. Shefra Caplan died when Bill was 43, but not before telling him how news of her last pregnancy had not been welcome. 

She had said as much to her obstetrician, a “Dr. Baker,” who told her this baby would be a blessing when the others were grown and gone. “He was right,” she told Bill. “He was a gentile, but still a good man.”

Caplan’s brother-in-law, Larry Rummans, took the kid to the fights, and after Rummans moved to Los Angeles as a boxing promoter and matchmaker (the person who selects the fighters for a bout), Caplan, then 21, followed. Most of his family had preceded him to California.

Caplan was the first publicist Don King hired when he formed Don King Productions in 1974. “Make me big, Bill, make me big,” Caplan says were his instructions from the man who would later become notorious for being notorious. And for his hair. 

King had been hired by Barry Bernstein and Hank Schwartz, the white promoters of the Zaire fight, who figured it was smart business to have a black face among the suits. Leveraging that high-profile bout, King, “who’s really good at revising history,” Caplan said, “made the world think he matched and promoted the fight.”

A good thing came from their union — Caplan’s friendship with Foreman, now a cookware promoter and ordained minister in Houston. The former boxer has officiated at three Caplan family weddings, where, according to Caplan, “We had a chuppah and broke the wine glass … but he doesn’t say a lot about Jesus in the ceremony.”

Some 25 years after working for King, Caplan had learned a little something himself about exploiting circumstances. He was doing PR for Top Rank, whose fighter, De La Hoya, was matched against Felix Trinidad, King’s fighter. After Trinidad won a controversial decision, the post-fight news conference was staged in a huge ballroom, where King dissed Caplan’s man, calling him “Chicken De La Hoya.” Top Rank CEO Bob Arum was not happy.

So Caplan had the plug pulled on King’s microphone.

In 1974, Caplan represented George Foreman in “The Rumble in the Jungle” against  Muhammad Ali.

King yelled himself hoarse trying to make his point, and only later learned why his mic had gone dead.

A couple of months later, after Arum’s fighter Lennox Lewis had beaten King’s fighter Evander Holyfield, Caplan’s access to the post-bout news conference was blocked by Greg Fritz, the flack for Holyfield. “You can’t come in,” Caplan said he was told. “It’s too crowded.”

It wasn’t. Caplan suggested as much to Fritz. He recalled how the conversation went:

Fritz: “You can’t come in because you pulled the plug on my boss.”

Caplan: “You really are a weasel.”

Fritz: “Yeah, and you’re a fat slob.”

“So I b—h-slapped him,” he said, between bites of a meatball sandwich.

Fritz wanted to press charges, but the Las Vegas police told Caplan to “walk away,” he said. He did, right by the Hard Rock Hotel, just as Robert Shapiro — best known as O.J. Simpson’s defense lawyer, but also a fight fan and Caplan friend — was leaving a post-fight party. Caplan told him what had happened.

“Bobby, he says he’s gonna sue me. Will you represent me?”

“Absolutely,” Shapiro said, to which Caplan said he responded, “I’m gonna go out and buy a very sharp knife now.” 

Before Fritz, Caplan had picked on another PR guy his size, Don Fraser, because he didn’t like him and because, he said, “I know publicists cannot fight. … I’m a good matchmaker.”

He called Fraser a liar, punched him and was dismissed by George Parnassus, the promoter he was working for at the time.

Don Chargin called. He was a matchmaker for promoter Aileen Eaton, a goddess of the sport for having renewed the prominence of the Olympic Auditorium with her savvy management of and love for the weekly boxing matches for which it was known for decades after World War II.

Chargin, who had been given the moniker “War a Week” by broadcaster Jim Healy, said he’d heard Caplan had punched out “the weasel” in Parnassus’ office and gotten fired. “I’ll ask Mrs. Eaton to hire you,” Caplan said he told him.

“Mrs. Eaton hates my guts,” Caplan responded.

“That’s only when you worked for other promoters. She’s gonna love you.”

The feeling was mutual. Caplan calls Eaton a “Canadian Jewish lady … tough as nails, a 5-foot redhead … and one of the greatest promoters of all time.” It’s a common sentiment.

In 1982, the Olympic was to stage a fight between World Bantamweight Champion Lupe Pintor and South Korean Seung-Hoon Lee. To juice interest in that time’s unusual circumstance of an Asian fighter, the pre-fight news conference was scheduled for noon at a Koreatown restaurant. At 12:30, there was no sign of Lee, and Pintor was getting edgy, feeling like he’d been shown up.

Twenty minutes later, an exasperated Pintor and two friends headed for the parking lot. In those days, fighters weren’t routinely accompanied by the entourages of today’s flashy prima donnas. As Caplan remembered, they jumped into an old Plymouth station wagon, “blue, with gray Bondo — you know what Bondo is?” he asked, referring to the automotive putty that conceals car blemishes about as successfully as spackle does facial blemishes.

Caplan took it lying down. In front of the exit. As the Plymouth inched toward him. The media assembled to watch the drama of, as Caplan described himeself, “this fat, Jewish whale with his stomach sticking up, lying in front of the car.”

Lee showed up about then, and the news conference proceeded as planned. The next day, sports columnist Alan Malamud wrote in the now-defunct newspaper the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, “Everyone was rooting for the station wagon.”

These days, the mostly vertical Caplan works for, among others, Golden Boy Promotions, run by De La Hoya and former Swiss banker Richard Schaefer. De La Hoya, he says, was one of his favorite fighters. And Schaefer? “My mother would have said of him, ‘He’s a gentile, you know, but still very smart.’ ”

Salita and Caplan have known one another since 2001, when Salita won the junior welterweight division of the New York Golden Gloves competition and the Sugar Ray Robinson award as the outstanding fighter in the tournament. He signed as a pro with Arum, for whom Caplan was then working.

“When I turned pro,” Salita said, “the reality of not fighting on Shabbos was logistically very challenging, and people in the industry were not used to this. That created … difficult situations, but Zeydi Caplan was very helpful … in making sure that I stay busy, get on the right shows and that my career progressed through the difficulties that we faced.” 

Always keen to brand his fighters for maximum media exposure, Caplan seized a golden Salita moment for his third pro fight, which was in California. “[T]he athletic commission … asked me if I had a nickname,” Salita recalled. “I said, ‘No, I do not.’ Mr. Caplan was sitting next to me and said he does, [it’s] ‘Star of David,’ and that’s how that started.”

The two share more than Jewish heritage and a love of boxing — they share a compulsion to travel in comfort. On the road, Salita brings his own food, and cooks it in the hotel room … on a George Foreman grill. Caplan travels with a couple of wrenches, his own showerhead and swaps out the bathroom hardware for the duration of his stay.

He does it in hotels, he’d do it at your house, he did it at Salita’s. “I guess he didn’t approve of the showerhead,” Salita said nonchalantly, as if it were standard houseguest behavior. Salita has since moved, and the new owners can thank Bill Caplan for their Peerless European-style showerhead. You know, the one with the high-pressure massage setting? 

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Thinking big about littlest Jews

When Michael Siegal, chairman of the board of The Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA), addresses the umbrella organization’s upcoming General Assembly (GA) in Jerusalem on Nov. 10, he may very well be thinking about a constituency not likely to be present at the Jerusalem International Convention Center: America’s Jewish 5-year-olds. 

It was those kids — and their parents — that Siegal and JFNA President and CEO Jerry Silverman were targeting when they proposed offering free Jewish preschool to American Jewish kids as a way to combat the trend of assimilation and disaffiliation identified in the recent Pew Center study of American Jews. The proposal was published in an op-ed that appeared in The Forward and the Huffington Post on Oct. 24.

“Children laugh without the inhibition that they’re going to be judged. We have to bring that joyfulness back,” Siegal said in an interview with the Journal on Oct. 31. “And clearly, a 5-year-old can influence their parents.”

Siegal, 60, says becoming a grandfather made him favor this idea, but the chairman and CEO of Cleveland-based Olympic Steel — which was a family-owned business before he built it into a publicly traded company valued today at about $290 million — pushed any sentimentality aside, estimating such a giveaway could cost roughly $400 million per year. 

It’s a staggering sum — JFNA as a whole spent a total of $317 million in the fiscal year that ended in June 2012 — and the idea is still in its earliest phases of gestation. But in light of the Pew study’s findings, Siegal said, bold actions are required. 

“If we can’t get the money to do all of this, what part of this can we do?” Siegal asked. “Because we want to make an impact that changes the narrative 70 years from now.”

That Siegal and JFNA are addressing the Pew study results at the GA at all is itself a change — as of early October, Silverman said that the Pew study wouldn’t be on the agenda. 

But just weeks before the three-day gathering, which will begin with a plenary featuring a speech by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, JFNA assembled a panel about the Pew research that includes executives from Federations across the country — including Jay Sanderson, president of The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles.

The topic seems likely to take up some of the other sessions at the GA as well. The more than 2,500 Jewish leaders from across the continent who are expected to attend — including about 20 from Los Angeles — will also witness a conversation between public opinion pollster Mark Mellman and five members of the “millennial generation,” which the Pew study found to be the least engaged of all adult Jews in the United States. 

Siegal and Silverman also mooted an increase in support for Jewish camp and proposed designating certain American cities as “Jewish empowerment zones,” where innovative pilot projects could be tested. They also urged Birthright to share its database of contact information for its more than 350,000 past participants.

Whether their proposals will drive discussion in Jerusalem remains to be seen. 

 “We threw these ideas out there for the debate,” Siegal said, “and that’s what we want to do at the GA.” 

A number of other controversial topics are up for debate at the GA — including the contentious argument over the future of the Western Wall. The GA will host the first public conversation between Anat Hoffman, chair of Women of the Wall, which has been holding female-led prayer services at Judaism’s holiest site for 25 years, and Ronit Peskin, who directs a new group, Women for the Wall, that opposes any changes to the current restrictions. 

Jewish Agency for Israel Chairman Natan Sharansky, who has been working to come up with a resolution that might appease — if not please — all parties, will also appear on the panel, along with MK Aliza Lavie, a member of the Knesset committee focused on the status of women. 

On Nov. 12, GA participants will walk to the Western Wall, where they’ll be invited to pray — as they wish, where they wish — or not. 

“Our walk is to state that Israel is a dream, and Israel is a reality,” Siegal said. “The fact that we’ve got leadership in Israel trying to connect the dream to the reality and trying to come up with solutions … we want to support the government.” 

The GA takes place in Jerusalem every few years, and this year’s gathering will focus on Israeli issues and on connections between Jews in the Diaspora to the Jewish state. 

But Siegal clearly sees his task as strengthening the Jewish American communities represented by JFNA. As such, at the end of his ranging conversation with the Journal, he returned to the themes — and concerns — raised by the Pew study.

“America is intoxicating, America is a drug,” Siegal said, seeming to simultaneously emphasize the positive and negative aspects embodied in his metaphor. “Minorities disappear and become Americans and are replaced by other minorities. 

“The reality is,” he continued, “Jews don’t have a lot of people to replace themselves with. We have to stand tall by ourselves and say that our responsibility is to the great-grandchildren that none of us will ever meet, for them to have the same vibrancy that we have today, if not better. And we’re heading down some paths that give us some pause.”

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Austria honors Bikel

Theodore Meir Bikel and his parents peeked through the drawn curtains of their Vienna apartment watching the street below, where Adolf Hitler, standing in his limousine, slowly rolled by, cheered on by frenzied crowds.

It was March 15, 1938, and Hitler formally announced that Nazi Germany had annexed Austria, changing forever the life of that nation’s Jews, as well as that of 13-year-old Theo.

During an interview at his West Los Angeles home, Bikel was preparing for a trip to Austria to appear, on Nov. 7, on the rostrum of the Austrian Parliament Building before an audience of the country’s highest government and cultural leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht, the night synagogues throughout Germany and Austria were put to the torch.

Historians generally mark this event as the forerunner, if not the beginning, of the Holocaust.

Bikel was going to accept Austria’s highest honor in the arts and to perform an hour-long concert of mainly Yiddish songs, interspersed with a few numbers in English and German.

For the finale, Bikel planned to sing “The Song of the Partisans,” in Yiddish, asking the distinguished audience to rise as he rendered the powerful words and notes of the anti-Nazi resistance during World War II.

The irony and meaning of the occasion is not lost on Bikel. “The Nazi criminals are gone; I am still here,” he said.

“I think I was created for this occasion,” Bikel said of the Vienna commemoration.

That is saying a lot for a man who, during a 70-year career, has distinguished himself as an actor and folksinger on stage, screen and television, as well as an author, raconteur, union leader, advocate for the arts, and a champion of Soviet Jewry and human rights.

Of his many roles, Bikel said he most cherishes that of folksinger, presenting “the songs of my people, songs of pain and songs of hope.”

Growing up in a strongly Zionist home, he was an only child, named in honor of Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism. By coincidence, the two men also share the same birthday.

After leaving Vienna, the Bikel family settled in Tel Aviv, while Theo spent two years at an agricultural school, aspiring to the Zionist ideal of working the land. He then joined the Kfar HaMaccabi kibbutz, “but it soon became obvious that my talents lay elsewhere,” he observed wryly.

The kibbutz management came to the same conclusion and sent him to a three-week training course for actors, in Tel Aviv.

After his first taste of the limelight, “there was no turning back,” Bikel said, and he was admitted to the Habima Theatre school.

The man who was to gain international fame as Tevye in the musical “Fiddler on the Roof,” got his first paying role in the stage play of “Tevye and his Daughters.”

He played the Russian constable who warns the shtetl’s Jews that they better get out before the next pogrom. For his 29-word dialogue, Bikel received the equivalent of $5 per show.

Bikel’s Vienna trip was praised by the White House, through its Jewish liaison, Mathew S. Nosanchuk. “I cannot think of a better emissary to carry a message of hope, perseverance and survival — on behalf of the Jewish people — to Austria, as the world marks these dark days,” Nosanchuk wrote. “You are the living embodiment of Jewish art and culture.”

Interviewed two days before flying to Vienna with his companion Aimee Ginsburg, Bikel, at 89, clearly had no thoughts of retirement — he is currently in the midst of producing and starring in the documentary film “Theodore Bikel in the Shoes of Sholom Aleichem.”

As for his general health, while he hasn’t escaped the aches and pains of advancing age, he firmly proclaims, “I still retain the same mental vigor, the same energy and the same curiosity.”

But just in case, he has already planned the inscription for his tombstone: “He Was the Singer of His People” — in Yiddish.

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Herschel Grynszpan: ‘The Boy Avenger’

Like stills from a film noir, the black-and-white photographs of a 17-year-old boy named Herschel Grynszpan that have come down to us — police mug shots, newspaper photos, a souvenir snapshot taken at a Paris street fair — capture the various faces that he presented to the public during the fall of 1938, when he boiled up out of a noisy Jewish neighborhood in a backwater of Paris and demanded the attention of the astonished world.

L’affaire Grynszpan, as his case came to be known, starts with a single act of violence behind the locked gates of the German embassy in Paris on November 7, 1938, when he fired five shots at a Nazi diplomat. Nowadays, when Grynszpan is remembered at all, it is because the Nazis seized upon the assassination as a pretext for Kristallnacht, the pogrom that marked the sudden and ominous escalation in Hitler’s war against the Jews. But it is also a story replete with shock and scandal, mystery and perplexity.  

Precisely what transpired inside the ornate German embassy in Paris on that day remains a puzzlement, but even more baffling is the black hole of history into which Grynszpan has fallen since the end of World War II. Herschel Grynszpan was briefly famous, and it was his fame — or, as the Nazis saw it, his infamy — that accounts for the trove of historical detail that is available to us today. We know how much he weighed, how tall he was, and how much money his family received in welfare payments because he was investigated by both French and German police officers, and he was examined by physicians, psychiatrists and social workers in the service of the French criminal courts and later by their counterparts in Nazi Germany, all in the greatest and most intimate detail. Grynszpan, still only an adolescent, was questioned by the famously efficient interrogators of the Gestapo and even by Adolf Eichmann, a self-styled expert on Jewish affairs in the Nazi bureaucracy and one of the masterminds of the Final Solution.

Today, however, Grynszpan remains a mystery, an irony if only because Grynszpan was among the most famous inmates of the Nazi concentration camp system. Perhaps the most vexing aspect of the Grynszpan case is the fact that he has never been embraced as the heroic figure he earnestly sought to be. His fellow Jews, suffering through the catastrophic aftermath of his act of protest at the German embassy in Paris, “generally disapproved of it as useless, dangerous and a great disservice to Jews everywhere,” according to Gerald Schwab, one of the principal investigators of the Grynszpan case. One of Grynszpan’s own attorneys, richly paid to defend him in the French courts, dismissed him privately as “that absurd little Jew.” Hannah Arendt pronounced him to be “a psychopath” and, even more shockingly, accused him of serving as an agent of the Gestapo. Jewish armed resistance against Nazi Germany is much studied and celebrated, but Grynszpan remains without honor even among the people whose avenger he imagined himself to be.

The effacement of Herschel Grynszpan, who wrote and spoke so ardently about his deed to lawyers, judges, politicians and reporters in the months and years following his arrest, would have broken the boy’s heart. His prison journals, which were carefully preserved and studied by both French and German authorities, reveal that the lonely and frightened adolescent yearned not merely for attention but for a place of consequence in the saga of the Jewish people. “He thought the only end to isolation was to reach the point where he was no longer separated from the true struggles that went on around him,” writes Don DeLillo of Lee Harvey Oswald in the novel “Libra,” but the same words surely apply to Grynszpan. “The name we give to this point is history.”

As we observe the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht, we ought to pause and recall the 17-year-old boy who was among the very first Jews to fire a weapon in defense of the Jewish people during those dark years. “For three lines in history that will be written about the youth who fought and did not go like sheep to the slaughter,” insisted the martyred ghetto fighter Dolek Liebeskind, “it is even worth dying.” Yet the search to find examples of Jewish resistance has failed to acknowledge the exploits of Herschel Grynszpan.

At the end of the short, strange and turbulent life of Herschel Grynszpan — a life tainted by rumors of sexual scandal for which Herschel himself was the source — we are left with two ineradicable facts. Only weeks after the prime ministers of England and France had trembled before Hitler in Munich, Grynszpan walked into the German embassy in Paris and shot a Nazi diplomat, an “act of counter-violence” in explicit protest against Hitler’s persecution of the Jews. And, three years later, the same young man, alone and abandoned in a Gestapo cell in Berlin, succeeded in denying his Nazi captors the opportunity to justify the mass murder of the Jewish people in the show trial they had planned for him.

For these two acts of courage and defiance, the young man paid with his life. If Jewish armed resistance deserves more than “three lines in history,” then we are obliged to remember Herschel Grynszpan and to regard him as the hero he sought to be. 


Jonathan Kirsch is the book editor of the Jewish Journal. Excerpted from “The Short, Strange Life of Herschel Grynszpan: A Boy Avenger, a Nazi Diplomat, and a Murder in Paris” by Jonathan Kirsch. Copyright © 2013 by Jonathan Kirsch. With permission of the publisher, Liveright Publishing Corp. 

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75 years after Kristallnacht: Time to toughen up and reclaim our memory

Seventy-five years later, the very word Kristallnacht still casts a long shadow — on Europe and on the Jewish people.

The countrywide pogrom orchestrated in 1938 by the German High Command marked the Nazi regime’s transition from the quasi-legal, anti-Jewish discrimination of the Nuremberg Laws to the coming of the Final Solution. Official statistics — 91 Jews were killed, thousands more put into concentration camps, 267 synagogues burned and 7,500 Jewish businesses vandalized — fail to capture the sheer sense of terror and impending doom that afterward enveloped German and Austrian Jews. Beyond the horrors of those nights, Jewry witnessed the overwhelming indifference and antipathy of neighbors, and of police and firemen who were deployed not to protect houses of worship, only the adjacent property of proper Aryans.

In his diary, Joseph Goebbels chortled: “As I am driven to the hotel [in Munich], windowpanes shatter. Bravo! Bravo! The synagogues burn like big old cabins.”

He and Hitler had reason to celebrate. The world didn’t give a damn about the Jews, and the path from burning hulks of shuls would lead to the ashes of mass-murdered Jews spewing forth from death camp crematoria, covered by the fog of war and buried by an indifferent humanity.

But another conflagration would soon envelop all of Europe. Cities from London to Warsaw to Leningrad were engulfed in flames by the Nazi Blitzkrieg. But by the time World War II ended, those very streets in Munich and Berlin where synagogues were torched and from where Jews were disappeared, were themselves reduced to rubble by the onslaught of Allied firebombs.

Seventy-five years later, the images of Kristallnacht are reduced to grainy photos and footage. The last of the surviving victims and victimizers, heroes and bystanders are leaving the world stage, leaving us to ponder: What, if anything, have we learned?

Is European hatred of Jews a thing of the past?

Manfred Gerstenfeld, a respected author and expert, has analyzed polls taken across the continent and estimates that at least 150 million Europeans still harbor extreme anti-Jewish and/or anti-Israel animus.

Do Europe’s Jews feel safe?

Twenty-five percent are afraid to wear kippot or Star of David jewelry in public. Attacks on European Jewish institutions aren’t ugly footnotes of history. While today armed police stand on guard across Europe protecting synagogues, 80 synagogues have been attacked in recent years in Germany alone. Jewish children have been targeted for bullying in Scandinavia and for insult, injury, even death on the campuses of French day schools and yeshivot.

And there is more, much more. This isn’t only about Islamist extremists for whom Jew is a dirty word. There is increasing European mainstream hate and disrespecting of Jews, their homeland and core Judaic values.

From Greece to Hungary and Ukraine, political parties increase their clout by playing the ant-Semitism card. Campaigns are under way in the mainstream of Europe’s democracies to criminalize the core Judaic mitzvot of brit milah and shechita.

And in the ultimate insult to our people — living and dead — respected European NGOs, politicians, media and prominent church leaders cast Israelis as latter-day Nazis, while protesters chanting “Death to Israel” and “Jews to the Ovens” went unchallenged. Meanwhile, anti-Israel ideologues audaciously hijack Holocaust commemoration and education. How bad can it get? At the 65th anniversary of Kristallnacht commemoration, Norwegian authorities —“not wanting any trouble” — forbade any Jewish symbols, including the Star of David and the Israeli flag, from being displayed. The evening news showed a group of Jews attempting to join the commemoration being firmly told by a policeman to “please leave the area.”

This Kristallnacht we must start by reclaiming memory.

On Oct. 24, I was part of a Simon Wiesenthal Center delegation that met with Pope Francis at the Vatican. In his exchange with the pope, my colleague and mentor, Wiesenthal Center dean and founder Rabbi Marvin Hier offered this insight into the dual dimensions of Jewish memory. He quoted Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik (“Fate and Destiny”), “Evil is an undeniable fact. …  It exists, and I will neither deny it nor camouflage it.” Rabbi Hier added, “Evil existed during the time of Moses as it did in Jesus’ time and as it does in our own time.”

That is the reason why, Soloveitchik teaches us, the Torah has two ways of expressing memory. One is positive, zachor, to remember, reach out, dialogue, to find common ground.  The other dimension is negative, lo tishkach, do not forget to act when you are dealing with evil.

Here are three points that can help us protect and nurture the memory and lessons of the Shoah.

First: Memo to European leaders: If you don’t respect live Jews, don’t join our minyan mourning 6 million dead Jews.

Second: Stop de-Judaizing the Nazi Holocaust. The Shoah is not an abstract idea. Anne Frank and 6 million of her brethren were murdered by the Nazis and their European collaborators — only because she and they were Jews. Public memorials and teaching modules omitting this truth desecrate the dead.

Third: We Jews have to toughen up. Accepting the status quo in Europe is demeaning and only emboldens the bigots on the street and in the halls of parliaments. This is an area where younger Jews on both sides of the Atlantic must take a stand. Going on vacation to Paris, Rome or London? Make a point of publicly showing you are a proud Jew. And you don’t have to eat kosher to understand that Norway’s law banning kosher slaughter since 1929 is an insult to every Jew. How about a social networking campaign to shame them to action?

2013 is not 1938. But, we Jews dare not repeat the mistakes of the 1930s by pinning our hopes that Europe’s leaders will do the heavy lifting to defend our rights. Only we can secure our dignity. 

As Simon Wiesenthal himself often said: “Freedom is not a gift from heaven. It must be fought for every day.” Zachor, lo tiskhach.


Rabbi Abraham Cooper is associate dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center and its Museum of Tolerance.

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Diagnosis put brother on mission

David L. Neale, a prominent bankruptcy attorney and major donor to AIDS Project Los Angeles (APLA), was stunned when the call came from Brazil in late 1999: His younger brother, John (not his real name), then in his mid-30s and previously robust, was gravely ill in Rio de Janeiro.

John had been producing a concert at the famed opera house in the jungle city of Manaus when he collapsed in the throes of a virulent fever and had to be airlifted to the hospital. By the time Neale, his mother and sister flew down to Rio, John was in a coma, the result of a severe case of meningococcal meningitis.

His doctors promptly dropped a bombshell: John was suffering from AIDS and had apparently been in denial about the mysterious fevers that had landed him in bed for weeks at a time over the past year. “I was shocked,” said Neale, who hadn’t previously known that his brother was HIV positive.

Even after John’s condition was stabilized, he refused to return to the United States for treatment until several months later, when Neale received another emergency call from Brazil. “They had had doctors coming to John’s apartment, to do spinal taps for him in his bed,” recalled Neale, who has been consistently named by Los Angeles magazine as one of its 100 “super lawyers” in the bankruptcy field. “They had given him all these steroids, and his skin was waxy and yellow — he really looked awful.”

Neale hustled his brother onto a plane for Los Angeles, “which was in itself an ordeal because he couldn’t walk,” the attorney recalled. After landing in L.A., “I immediately drove him to the emergency room at Cedars-Sinai [Medical Center], where they told me that they hadn’t seen someone this ill with AIDS for years, given the advances in medications, and that I should be prepared for my brother to die.”

John survived, after 12 weeks in the hospital, yet he was weak and debilitated, and the family panicked. “I had no clue about what to do in a situation like this,” Neale said. “And because my brother had lived out of the country for so long, he had no health insurance, no place to live, nothing.”

The situation remained grim until, through Neale’s then-wife, the family was introduced to an official at APLA, which currently helps care for some 11,000 people with HIV in Los Angeles. It was the family’s first stop once John was out of the hospital: “He was literally lying on the floor in an office there,” Neale said.  “But APLA was a very comforting influence; it was like we were frantic, but they weren’t. They made things very manageable; otherwise it would have been overwhelming.”

APLA workers calmly helped to set John up on disability and Medi-Cal, so that he could receive the AIDS drug cocktails that cost around $5,000 per month, Neale said; they sent him to the right doctors, arranged for a hospital bed and IVs to be set up in Neale’s living room, and even for John to procure a driver’s license and other documents to get him re-established in the United States.  “I was so grateful,” Neale said.  

Thus, he immediately agreed when APLA officials asked him to serve on the group’s board for a full six-year term limit; since that ended three years ago, Neale has continued to fund the group, having donated sums in the six figures over the years. John, he said, has now regained his health and is back in Brazil producing concerts and other events.

“Thousands of low-income Los Angeles County residents with HIV/AIDS have benefited and continue to benefit from the vision, leadership and continuing support of David,” said Craig E. Thompson, APLA’s executive director.  “Admirably, he built on his personal connection with HIV disease to become a key board leader in the fight against HIV/AIDS.”

Neale, a graduate of Princeton University and Columbia University law school, has also been involved in Jewish causes, such as donating to campus Hillels and serving on the board of the American Friends of Hebrew University — he studied at Hebrew University for a time as a youth. He traces his philanthropy, in part, to the influence of his parents: His late father had been active on the board of the family’s synagogue in Cedarhurst, N.Y., while his mother has run the Head Start program in Williamsburg, N.Y., for the past 40 years, where she encourages low-income children to stay in school. “She’s always been very conscious of people who have less,” Neale said.

The health crisis of HIV/AIDS has also shifted to those who are underprivileged, he added.  “It’s no longer a fashionable cause, as people think everyone’s fine now, with the new medications,” he said. “But they don’t think about lower-income people, African-Americans or the Latino community — all these places where AIDS is still a huge problem. It’s like it’s not a white person’s problem anymore.

“In the Jewish community, people often give to Jewish charities, and I’ve done some of that, but I feel like AIDS is a cause that doesn’t have all the support it could use. It’s not like people are fixed and the disease is eradicated. It’s still a continuing and vital issue that we should pay attention to.”

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Iran, powers aim to seal deal on ending nuclear standoff

Iran and six world powers were closing in on a long-elusive deal on Friday aimed at allaying international fears about Tehran's atomic aims and reducing the risk of a new war in the volatile Middle East.

After the first day of a November 7-8 meeting, they said progress had been made towards an agreement under which the Islamic state would curb some of its nuclear activities in exchange for limited relief from sanctions that are damaging its economy.

Negotiators cautioned, however, that work remained to be done in the coming hours in very complex negotiations and that a successful outcome was not guaranteed. Iran rejects Western accusations that it is seeking the capability to make nuclear weapons.

Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi said it was too early to say with certainty whether a deal would be possible this week, though he voiced cautious optimism.

“Too soon to say,” Araqchi told reporters after the first day of talks between Iran and the United States, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany. “I'm a bit optimistic.”

“We are still working. We are in a very sensitive phase. We are engaged in real negotiations.”

The fact that an agreement may finally be within reach after a decade of frustrated efforts and mutual hostility between Iran and the West was a sign of a dramatic shift in Tehran's foreign policy since the election of a relative moderate, Hassan Rouhani, as Iranian president in June.

The United States and its allies are aiming for a “first step” deal that would stop Iran from further expanding a nuclear program that it has steadily built up in defiance of tightening international pressure.

The Islamic Republic, which holds some of the world's largest oil and gas reserves, wants them to lift increasingly tough punitive measures that have slashed its daily crude sales revenue by 60 percent in the last two years.

Both sides have limited room to maneuver, as hardliners in Tehran and hawks in Washington would likely sharply criticize any agreement they believed went too far in offering concessions to the other side.

U.S. SENATE MAY SEEK MORE SANCTIONS

Lending urgency to the need for a breakthrough soon, a U.S. Senate committee said it would pursue a package of tough new sanctions on Iran after the current Geneva talks end on Friday.

President Barack Obama has been pushing Congress to hold off on more sanctions against Iran, demanded by its arch-enemy Israel, to avoid undermining the diplomacy aimed at defusing fears of an Iranian advance towards nuclear arms capability.

A spokesman for the European Union foreign policy chief – who is presiding over the talks – said on Thursday evening that the powers and Iran were “making progress” towards easing the decade-long standoff.

Michael Mann said EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton would meet Iran's foreign minister and chief negotiator, Mohammad Javad Zarif, on Friday morning “to allow more time to work through some issues”. Diplomats from the six nations would also meet early on Friday to prepare Ashton's talks with Zarif.

Zarif told Reuters earlier in the day: “I'm hopeful that we can move forward. We are making progress, but it's tough.”

In an interview with CNN later, Zarif suggested that a partial suspension of Iran's contested uranium enrichment campaign might be possible – a concession it ruled out before moderate Rouhani's landslide election.

“There won't be a suspension of our enrichment program in its entirety,” Zarif said, rejecting Israel's central demand.

But he said he hoped the sides would agree a joint statement on Friday stipulating a goal to be reached “within a limited period of time, hopefully in less than a year”, and a series of reciprocal actions they would take “to build confidence and address their most immediate concerns.

Iran says it is enriching uranium only to fuel future nuclear power stations and for medical purposes. But its refusal to halt activity which can also have military applications has drawn the increasingly tough sanctions.

The United States said it also held “substantive and serious” bilateral talks with Iran in Geneva – direct dialogue inconceivable before Rouhani took office pledging to build bridges abroad and end a slide towards conflict with the West.

Iran and the United States have had no diplomatic ties since soon after the 1979 Islamic Revolution that overthrew the U.S.-backed monarchy, and their mutual mistrust and enmity has posed the biggest obstacle to any breakthrough nuclear accord.

White House spokesman Jay Carney said that in exchange for “concrete, verifiable measures” of restraint by Iran, the six powers “would consider limited, targeted, and reversible relief that does not affect our core sanctions architecture”.

The broader sanctions regime would stay pending a “final, comprehensive, verifiable” accord, Carney told reporters In Washington. If Iran did not follow through towards this end, modest sanctions relief could be reversed and stiffer penalties imposed.

ISRAEL SEES 'HISTORIC' MISTAKE

The U.S. Senate Banking Committee chairman declared the panel was moving forward on a proposal for new sanctions, a step likely to please Israel which has campaigned against compromise proposals under discussion in Geneva, describing them as potentially “a mistake of historic proportions”.

Senator Tim Johnson, a Democrat, said Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid instructed him to bring the bill closer to a vote by the full Senate by calling for a debate on it.

Araqchi, the Iranian deputy foreign minister, said after the morning meetings that he hoped a deal could be struck but “the differences are widespread and deep. This is undeniable”.

The Iranian delegation held a series of meetings – one with all three European delegations, then, separately, with the Russians, the Chinese and the Americans.

Araqchi met for an hour with U.S. delegation chief Wendy Sherman, under secretary of state for political affairs, in a meeting that a senior State Department official described as a “substantive and serious conversation”.

The United States and its allies say they are encouraged by Tehran's shift to softer rhetoric since the election of Rouhani. But Western allies say Iran must back its words with action and take concrete steps to scale back its atomic work.

Washington says that would buy time for Iran and the powers to reach a broader diplomatic settlement and avert any war that could cause global economic upheaval.

“It remains our assessment that Iran would need at least one year to acquire one nuclear weapon from the time that Iran decides to pursue one,” Carney said, describing the U.S. view of a potential “breakout move” by Tehran toward building an atomic bomb. “In other words, we would be essentially buying time.”

The exact nature of a possible first step remain unclear. But the six global powers are unlikely to agree on anything less than a suspension of enrichment of uranium to 20 percent fissile purity, a level that constitutes a technical milestone not far from the threshold for a nuclear warhead.

They want Iran to convert its stockpile of 20 percent uranium to an oxide form suitable for processing into reactor fuel, and take other measures to slow the program.

A U.S. official said Iran at this stage must address important aspects of its nuclear activity, including more intrusive U.N. inspections. Iran's construction of a research reactor near the town of Arak is also a growing concern for the West because of its potential to yield plutonium for bombs.

A senior aide to a U.S. senator briefed by the White House and State Department said Washington would offer to work with Iran in a six-month confidence-building period. During that time Washington would offer Tehran, among other things, relaxed restrictions on Iranian funds held in overseas accounts.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he disliked the outlines of an initial deal being hinted at in Geneva since it would allow Iran to keep a nuclear capability.

“Israel totally opposes these proposals,” he said in a speech. “I believe that adopting them would be a mistake of historic proportions. They must be rejected outright.”

Widely assumed to be the Middle East's only nuclear power, Israel views Iran as a threat to its existence and has warned it could carry out pre-emptive strikes on Iranian nuclear sites if diplomacy fails to restrain the program.

Additional reporting by Justyna Pawlak and Yeganeh Torbati in Geneva, Timothy Gardner in Washington,; Marcus George in Dubai, Michelle Nichols in New York; Editing by Mohammad Zargham

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